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🗣 Wd提问: MySQL备份工具

🤖 Ai回答:
MySQL备份工具详解

1、内置工具

mysqldump（最常用）
bash
基本备份
mysqldump -u username -p database_name backup.sql

备份所有数据库
mysqldump -u username -p all-databases all_backup.sql

带压缩的备份
mysqldump -u username -p database_name | gzip backup.sql.gz

只备份表结构
mysqldump -u username -p no-data database_name schema.sql

只备份数据
mysqldump -u username -p no-create-info database_name data.sql

备份特定表
mysqldump -u username -p database_name table1 table2 tables_backup.sql

增量备份参数
mysqldump -u username -p single-transaction routines triggers database_name incremental_backup.sql

mysqlhotcopy（已废弃，但了解其原理）
bash
热备份（仅适用于MyISAM引擎）
mysqlhotcopy database_name /path/to/backup/directory

mysqlpump（MySQL 5.7+）
bash
并发备份多个数据库
mysqlpump -u username -p databases db1 db2 parallel-workers=4 parallel_backup.sql

按表并行备份
mysqlpump -u username -p tables table1 table2 parallel-workers=2 table_backup.sql

2、第三方工具

Percona XtraBackup（推荐）
bash
全量备份
xtrabackup user=username password=password backup target-dir=/path/to/backup

准备备份
xtrabackup prepare target-dir=/path/to/backup

恢复备份
1、停止MySQL服务
sudo systemctl stop mysql
2、删除数据目录
sudo rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/*
3、恢复数据
xtrabackup copy-back target-dir=/path/to/backup
4、设置权限
sudo chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql
5、启动MySQL
sudo systemctl start mysql

MyDumper（高性能）
bash
安装
wget https://github.com/maxbube/mydumper/releases/download/v0.14.1/mydumper-0.14.1-linux-x86_64.tar.gz
tar xzf mydumper-0.14.1-linux-x86_64.tar.gz

备份所有数据库
mydumper -u username -p password -h hostname -P port threads=8 compress outputdir=/path/to/backup

备份单个数据库
mydumper -u username -p password -h hostname -P port database=database_name threads=4 compress outputdir=/path/to/backup

恢复
myloader -u username -p password -h hostname -P port directory=/path/to/backup threads=4

3、自动化脚本示例

基础备份脚本
bash
!/bin/bash
mysql_backup.sh

配置变量
DB_USER=backup_user
DB_PASS=password
DB_HOST=localhost
BACKUP_DIR=/backup/mysql
DATE=$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S)
RETENTION_DAYS=7

创建备份目录
mkdir -p $BACKUP_DIR

执行备份
mysqldump -h $DB_HOST -u $DB_USER -p$DB_PASS all-databases \
single-transaction routines triggers \
set-gtid-purged=OFF $BACKUP_DIR/backup_$DATE.sql

压缩备份文件
gzip $BACKUP_DIR/backup_$DATE.sql

清理旧备份
find $BACKUP_DIR -name backup_*.sql.gz -mtime +$RETENTION_DAYS -delete

echo Backup completed at $(date)

增量备份脚本
bash
!/bin/bash
incremental_backup.sh

DB_USER=backup_user
DB_PASS=password
BACKUP_DIR=/backup/mysql
BASE_BACKUP_DIR=$BACKUP_DIR/base
INC_BACKUP_DIR=$BACKUP_DIR/incremental

创建基础备份
if [ ! -f $BASE_BACKUP_DIR/latest.sql.gz ]; then
mysqldump -h localhost -u $DB_USER -p$DB_PASS all-databases \
single-transaction routines triggers \
set-gtid-purged=OFF | gzip $BASE_BACKUP_DIR/latest.sql.gz
fi

创建增量备份
LAST_BACKUP=$(ls -t $INC_BACKUP_DIR/*.sql.gz 2/dev/null | head -1)
if [ -n $LAST_BACKUP ]; then
使用二进制日志进行增量备份
echo Incremental backup based on $LAST_BACKUP
else
echo No previous backup found, creating full backup
fi

4、高级配置选项

mysqldump高级选项
bash
完整备份命令
mysqldump -h localhost -u root -p \
single-transaction \
routines \
triggers \
events \
set-gtid-purged=OFF \
master-data=2 \
flush-logs \
compress \
opt \
hex-blob \
default-character-set=utf8mb4 \
database_name backup.sql

配置文件方式
ini
~/.my.cnf
[client]
user=backup_user
password=backup_password
host=localhost

[mysqldump]
single-transaction=true
routines=true
triggers=true
events=true
set-gtid-purged=OFF

5、监控和验证

备份验证脚本
bash
!/bin/bash
verify_backup.sh

BACKUP_FILE=/backup/mysql/backup_$(date +%Y%m%d).sql.gz
LOG_FILE=/var/log/mysql_backup.log

验证备份文件完整性
if [ -f $BACKUP_FILE ]; then
echo $(date): Verifying backup file..、 $LOG_FILE
gunzip -t $BACKUP_FILE 2 $LOG_FILE && echo Backup verification successful echo Backup verification failed

检查文件大小
FILE_SIZE=$(stat -c%s $BACKUP_FILE)
if [ $FILE_SIZE -gt 1024 ]; then
echo Backup size: $(($FILE_SIZE/1024)) KB $LOG_FILE
fi
else
echo $(date): Backup file not found! $LOG_FILE
fi

6、最佳实践

备份策略建议
1、全量备份：每周一次
2、增量备份：每日一次
3、二进制日志：实时备份
4、异地备份：重要数据异地存储

安全考虑
bash
设置正确的文件权限
chmod 600 /path/to/backup/*.sql
chmod 600 /path/to/backup/*.sql.gz

使用SSH隧道加密传输
ssh user@remote-server mysqldump -u user -p database | gzip backup.sql.gz

性能优化
bash
备份时限制资源使用
mysqldump -u user -p max_allowed_packet=64M net_buffer_length=16K database backup.sql

使用管道减少内存使用
mysqldump -u user -p database | pv | gzip backup.sql.gz

这些工具和方法可以根据具体需求选择使用，建议结合多种工具形成完整的备份策略。

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